Asian Carp Problem Literature Review

Asian Carp Problem Literature Review Annotated Bibliography Michigan Radio Newsroom. Obama administration releases strategies for keeping Asian Carp out of the Great Lakes. Http://michiganradio.org. N.p., 26 July 2013. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. On June 3, 2016 the Michigan Public Radio, which is part of the NPR news station, did a story on the Asian Carp spreading into the Great Lakes. The article takes place in a meeting in Mackinac with the governors of Michigan, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana and the   Canadian province of Ontario. In this meeting they discussed some solutions about the Asian Carp getting through the shipping canal in Chicago. The Illinois governor believes that is reasonable the separate the great lakes from the Mississippi river system. the Indiana governor believes that if separated it will create a two billon dolor project that not every state can afford. it will cause additional harm if we separate and he believes that it is possible to control the growth of the population of the Asian Carp without closing the canal. The NPR organization does not list one author, its stories is written by many different writer. They are partners with PBS who is also a credible source. On the NPR website, it includes other links that take you to other credible sights. In general the website looks very professional and there are no issues with grammar, spelling, or punctuation. This specific story was done in 2016 which proves that is a current source. I would use this source in the middle of my essay because it explains both sides clearly. It supports both sides and helps explain why this topic is controversial. It also gives the insight of what high positions think about this topic and what they think the solution is. The news story shows that not every state or governor agrees on what to do about this problem and clearly explains the negative effect of each solution. Ontarios invading species awarness program. Asian Carps. Http://www.invadingspecies.com/. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. This website contain information on what the Canadians think what we should do about the Asian Carp problem. At the beginning of the article it gives you background information about the Asian carp. It then goes on and explains the negative impact the fish could have if it invades the Great Lakes. It also explain how to identify the fish if you were to encounter one. the website then explain what they think could be done to prevent the Asian Carp from spreading. This is done by certain fishing competitions and prevention of people making the Asian Carp situation worse. This website was done by the Ontarios invading species awareness program and is meant to inform people. Since 1992 they have contribute to the help of preventing the invasion species through different parts of Canada. They have engaged in hundreds of community groups and volunteer the monitor hundreds of water bodies. They have training of two hundred different technical professions and higher summer staff for the invading species hit squad to provide basic invasion species education. I would use this source at the beginning of my essay because the website conations a good explanation on what the invading Asian Carp is and what they look like. This website does a good job in providing basic threats to the great lakes such as how he Asian Carp can wipe of a whole ecosystem. It also explains how these fish are spreading through shipping vessels and containers and manmade canals. National Wildlife Federation. Asian Carp Threat to the Great Lakes. Https://www.nwf.org. N.p., 1996. Web. 25 Jan. 2017. In this website it contains an interview as well as information bout the threat the Asian Carp impose on the great lakes. The interview is from Dwayne Chapman, a fish biologist from Columbia Missouri who gives the scientific insight on the asian carp problem. He said that in the past there has been three fish caught but none in the last thirteen years. However this does not mean that there are no asian carps found in the great lakes. Scientists have found asian carp dna beyond the electric fence and in southern parts of lake erie. THis led to scientist questioning how the dna is being spread. is it being spread by the connection of he waterways or by other factors such as birds. this source is credible because it is the national wild life federation and has 11 offices across the united states. THey have national reconition and dedicate themselves to protect the wildlife. thisr director Collin OMara used to led the delaware department of natural reasources and the environmental control ans cabinet secretary from 2009 to 2014. He was also the youngest state cabinent member in the nation. The national wildlife federation is also a non profet organization. I would us this in my essay to support to close the connection of the great lakes to the chacago river. This is because is shows a map of ho spread out the asain carp isnot and how easy it could get into the great lakes. I would also use som of this informationat the beging of my essay bacause it explains the scientific view of the asain carp. this source strengthins my essay because it gives a good visual of where the asin carp are. It also provides scientific information by a porfessional to the public and the studies that they are conduction.

Research, Writing & Civil Litigation Assignment 1 Essay

For the first assignment, try these short questions involving legal research: 1. Please enter the correct citation for the Supreme Court case of Lamb against California, which was decided on January 7, 1963 and is recorded on page 234 of volume 371 in the United States Reporter. Lamb V. California, 371 U. S. 234 (1963). 2. Please list all of the courts whose decisions are binding upon the federal district court for the District of Massachusetts. Circuit Courts of Appeal, and the U.S. Supreme. 3. From the following sources of law within our legal system, list them in the order of most binding to least binding (assume all involved laws are valid) and explain why that order exists. a. state constitution; b. federal constitution; c. state legislation; d. federal legislation; Constitution The ultimate document that gives governments their authority; also serves to limit governmental authority, to protect civil rights, etc. Other laws, judicial decisions and executive actions must be consistent with the applicable constitution or it falls to the courts to strike down (law, decision or action). Statutes Law written by federal and state legislatures. They become effective upon signature of the president (federal) or governor (state). Statues of limitations Federal and state laws prescribing the maximum period of time during which various types of civil actions nd criminal prosecutions can be brought after the occurrence of the injury or offense. Supremacy Clause A clause in Article VI of the U.S. Constitution that declares federal laws to have jurisdictional authority over state laws in the event there is conflict between laws established by two governing bodies. 4. In what types of cases and/or memos would you be most likely to cite case  law that is not mandatory authority? Determining when a court’s decision is mandatory or persuasive can be tricky, given the multiple jurisdictions throughout the country and the layers of courts within each jurisdiction. Our court systems are founded on the belief that there should be fairness, consistency, and predictability in judicial decision making. The doctrine that expresses this concept is labeled stare decisis. In essence, stare decisis considers mandatory, or binding, an existing decision from any court that exercises appellate jurisdiction over another court, unless the lower court can show that the decision is clearly wrong or is distinguishable from the case at hand. Courts frequently consider the larger context when choosing among persuasive decisions. A typical situation in which decisions from one state may be highly persuasive on another is where both states share a specific doctrine. For example, Texas courts may find decisions of Wisconsin courts in marital property cases quite persuasive because both states adhere to community property law. Rarely would either state consult its neighboring states on marital property law; both have neighbors that are common-law marital property states. In most other situations, however, Texas courts might find Oklahoma or Arkansas decisions more persuasive than those of Minnesota or Illinois (Wisconsin’s neighbors), because demographic, geographic, or historic similarities may have led to the development of similar legal doctrines among neighboring states. Similarly, whether a state has adopted a particular uniform law can affect the persuasiveness of its decisions. Federal courts, too, look at the larger context when choosing among the range of persuasive decisions to consult. And†¦ For good measure, to save the hardest for last: 5. Give an example of a case where the U.S. Supreme Court would be deciding an issue of STATE law. The Justices must exercise considerable discretion in deciding which cases to hear, since more than 10,000 civil and criminal cases are filed in the  Supreme Court each year from the various state and federal courts. The Supreme Court also has â€Å"original jurisdiction† in a very small number of cases arising out of disputes between States or between a State and the Federal Government. Bintliff, B. â€Å"MANDATORY V. PERSUASIVE CASES.† West Group; Retrieved 2001 from http://faculty.law.lsu.edu/toddbruno/mandatory_v__persuasive.htm McWay, D. (2008).†Workings of the American Legal System.† Legal and Ethical Aspects of Health Information Management (third edition). 2008 Delmar Cengage learning.

The Forbidden Facts Regarding Robbery Essay Samples Medical School Exposed by an Expert

The Forbidden Facts Regarding Robbery Essay Samples Medical School Exposed by an Expert The Robbery Essay Samples Medical School Trap If you ask medical schools which sort of file is better to choose, some will tell you they don't care. Once letters are accepted, no substitutions or additions might be made. The registration number, kind and color of the vehicles utilized in the robbery should be cautiously observed. Typically, if you ask, they'll be honest and tell you they can offer you a wonderful recommendation or tell you they won't be in a position to, for any reason (it does happen). The Lost Secret of Robbery Essay Samples Medical School All the terrific law schools are in search for candidates who possess the capability to turn into excellent lawyers. In addition, the school's aim is to have people that are enthusiastic aboutbeing there. If your school doesn't offer a writing class, you might locate a workshop offered on campus or possibly a class it's possible to take online, if you're ready to pay. After the mother's or child's life is in danger. Ruthless Robbery Essay Samples Medical School Strategies Exploited Robberies can occur at any time and any place unexpectedly. You're able to discover online writing workshops that cover every component of writing, for each and every skill level. Students need a high amount of discipline to get on a uniform because this process of dressing does not permit you to dress in any other fashion or particular style which you desire. Even though an excellent solution for one-on-one time, it can likewise be a costly alternative. Details of Robbery Essay Samples Medical School You need excuses to get to understand your professor for a superb letter, so utilize them. The more time you've spent writing your statement, the not as likely you should spot any errors. Writing letters of recommendation isn't the most enjoyable or simple job, but nevertheless, it can be ultimately among the most rewarding. Letters which don't stress your own personal strengths and qualities are worthless. What You Should Do About Robbery Essay Samples Medical School Beginning in the Next 4 Minutes Greater criminal prosecution ought to be used in order to set criminalization far besides the regulatory sanctions which if set properly can be in a position to deter and punish criminals in place of deterrence and penalty. Police should be called in case the employees are worried about an expected risk. That means you will discover that if this bill is passed, then automatically it will signify that fewer individuals will be ready to become involved in such crimes because they are sure the charges are so high for them. It's useful for all kinds of purposes, particularly in managing liabilities that come up from the incident. All witnesses should be requested to stay until the authorities come since they might want to speak to them. There are various ways about how to commit armed robbery. Although a robbery could take less than 1 minute to attack the victim it's still an extremely smart thought that the victim doesn't create any hassle. Armed robbery is just one of the most potentially serious offenses committed all around the world. Life After Robbery Essay Samples Medical School It was noted that in order to cut back armed robberies in our organization, we should be in a position to train our staff with a number of the best procedures that may help us reduce them. I've performed analysis in the past to show this to be true in our very own financial markets. Cash handling procedures ought never to be discussed in public. It should never be left lying around and it should never be counted in view of the public. The style and wording you are using in a letter are contingent on the particular co nditions. Indeed, you require great letters! Make certain you request a positive letter. All letters have to be submitted through AMCAS. If you're struggling with writing essays and wish to enhance your skills, taking a course or workshop can be exceedingly useful. Ask questions regarding homework, assignments, readings, or the way you're doing in class. When searching for help writing an essay it's important to remain honest and prevent plagiarism. Some students find a great deal of difficulty writing the essay, even if they have the ability to locate strong points. Up in Arms About Robbery Essay Samples Medical School? It can lead to the high cost in regard to the appropriate penalty for the offender. A kid needs certain conditions so as to live. Also for people who support abortion 1. Sometimes, once an abortion isn't done correctly, the youngster might actually live and could possibly be born with very considerable health defects that would stop the child from leadi ng a normal life. People today believe they are usually lumped together because most individuals are killing people aren't suspected in academic settings. Notably others rob as they have seen and witnessed a person put a great deal of cash in the pocket and the urge to find that money is uncontrollable. Money is really the reason behind survival, it aint no joke now, it's survival. It is a fact that money is a motivator in every part of life.

Example Human Rights Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2520 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? This essay will discuss three assertions: (i) that international law was not intended to deal with rights of individuals; (ii) that international law is not equipped to deal with rights of individuals; (iii) that individual rights should be the concern of domestic legal systems only. We will deal with each of these in turn, with reference to international legal instruments and bodies. We will observe first of all how the rights of individuals, although falling outside the province of international law as it was conceived in the1600s, began to seep into the framework of international legal rules over the centuries, eventually coming to prominence during the human rights era that followed the end of the Second World War. We will consider secondly the various mechanisms that have been put in place by the international community in order to deal with the enforcement and observance of individual rights enshrined in international legal instruments. Lastly, we will critically assess the claim that questions about individual rights should be the sole concern of domestic legal systems. The scholars who laid the intellectual foundations of international law in the Western world, like Hugo Grotius (1625) and John Locke (1690), all stressed in their writings t hat legal systems, be they domestic or international, were founded in natural law and commonly accepted standards of (Christian)morality. It may seem surprising, therefore, that for centuries the rights of individuals played no significant role in the framework of international law. International law, as the name suggests, was the body of legal rules governing the relations between states the law of nations. Nation states, and not individuals, were the subjects of international law. The behaviour of a state towards individuals within its own territorial boundaries was governed by its domestic legal system. Any interference by one state in the internal affairs of another, for whatever reason, was viewed as a violation of state sovereignty, and as a threat to stability in international relations. It did not take long for international law to begin to concern itself with the welfare of individual human beings. However, when this did start to occur it was not because human com passion and religious morality had risen to the foreign international relations; it was motivated rather by the reciprocal political and economic interests of states. An early concern of nation states was the manner in which their diplomats and other nationals were treated when residing and conducting their business in the territory of another state, as noted by Louis Henkin (1989): Of course, every State was legitimately concerned with what happened to its diplomats, to its diplomatic mission and to its property in the territory of another State. States were concerned, and developed norms to assure, that their nationals (and the property of their nationals) in the territory of another State be treated reasonably, fairly, and the system and the law early identified an international standard of justice by which a State must abide in its treatment of foreign nationals. Once such norms were agreed between two states, it was no longer possible for either of them to assert tha t the treatment of individuals within its borders was a matter exclusively to be dealt with by its domestic legal system, a point that was stressed in an Advisory Opinion on Nationality Decrees Issued in Tunis and Morocco (1923) of the Permanent Court of International Justice (the forerunner to the International Court of Justice).However, although the rights of individuals were thus internationalised to a limited extent, the international agreements in question did not permit states to take action against any state that was deemed to be violating the rights of its own nationals. The position under international law in this respect began to change with the developing doctrine of humanitarian intervention. First expounded by Hugo Grotius (1625), the doctrine of humanitarian intervention allowed for limited exceptions to the rule that states were prohibited from interfering with the internal affairs of other states for the benefit of individuals within those other states. This could be done to stop the maltreatment by a state of its own nationals when that conduct was so brutal and large-scale as to shock the conscience of the community of nations (Stowell 1921). The doctrine has been much abused throughout history, and is often invoked as a pretext for the invasion or occupation of weaker countries. However, it shows that states were becoming concerned with the welfare of individuals even when this was not directly linked to political and economic interests to be derived at the state level. As we moved into the nineteenth century, a new wave of concern for human welfare sparked changes within the international system. European and American states abolished slavery and the slave trade, and international agreements were put in place to govern the conduct of war between states in such a way as to minimise cruelty and brutality in international conflicts. The Hague Regulations (1899) sought to codify principles of customary international law that had developed over time in relation to land warfare, making provisions to outlaw certain weapons that had proved particularly destructive to individuals on the battlefield and civilians, and to protect the welfare of prisoners of war. This could not stop the catastrophe that was to unfold in the course of the First World War, which claimed more lives than any conflict in the history of humankind. In the aftermath of the War, the Covenant of the League of Nations (1920) came into force. This established the League and served as its constitution. Although it contained no express provisions dealing with human rights, it marked a substantial step forward in terms of international law recognising the rights of individuals, in three important respects. Firstly it recognised the rights of individuals living in the colonial territories of the states that were defeated in the War, transforming these territories into League Mandates, and stating in article 22 that the principle that t he well-being and development of [the native] peoples form a sacred trust of civilization. Secondly, article 23 of the Covenant stressed the need for fair and human conditions of labour for men, women and children. This was to pave the way for the creation of the International Labour Organisation under the Treaty of Versailles (1919). Many scholars,including Leary (1981) have stressed the importance of the ILO in improving the working conditions for millions around the globe, and in turn making a significant contribution to the development of international human rights law. Finally, the League of Nations established a system for dealing with the protection of minority groups within certain states. A series of special treaties were concluded for the protection of ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities in several countries in central and eastern Europe (Hannum 1990).These treaties were supported by a relatively sophisticated (and successful)system of enforcement, whereby a committee accepted petitions concerning allegations that minority rights had been violated, with the possibility of the Permanent Court of International Justice rendering an Advisory Opinion on the legal merits (Stone 1934). International law showed itself to be more than equipped to deal with the rights of individuals belonging to minority groups during a short period between the two World Wars. This success was to prove short-lived. The events of the Second World War, and in particular the systematic extermination of over six million European Jews by Hitlers Nazi Germany, were to shock the worlds conscience. The notion of human rights,never before made explicit under international law, was to find its way into the Charter of the United Nations (1945), which was ratified after the War by most members of the international community. Although the rights accorded to individuals under the Charter were not as extensive as some had hoped (Robinson1946), it nevertheless began it s Preamble with the words We the peoples of the United Nations human beings, as well as nation states, had now become subjects of international law. Article 1(3) of the UN Charter states that one of the purposes of the UN is: To achieve international co-operation in solving problems of an economic, social,cultural, or humanitarian character, and in promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion. Article 55(c) also stresses the need for the UN to promote universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all. The UN Charter was followed in 1948 by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which draws on documents like the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and the American Declaration of Independence(Eide 1992). This instrument, which has proved a driving force in the human rights movement, proclaims in article 1 that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. The Universal Declaration on Human Rights was followed in 1966 by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR). These Covenants create binding legal obligations for the states that have ratified them. Henkin (1977) emphasises that these states are therefore no longer free to claim that the rights contained in the Covenants fall exclusively within their domestic jurisdiction. International law has come a long way since the days of Grotius; there can be no doubt that individual rights are firmly enshrined within its framework. If individual rights are plainly part of todays international system, the next question that falls to be considered is whether international law is equipped to deal with individual rights. We observed earlier how the League of Nations put in place a system of enforcement and observance for the minorities reg ime that existed during the inter-war years, oversee ultimately by the Permanent Court of International Justice. Various other mechanisms exist within the international system, and they have enjoyed varying degrees of success. One of the most successful human rights enforcement mechanisms is the Human Rights Committee established under the ICCPR. The Committee exists to ensure that states that have ratified the ICCPR comply with the obligations they have assumed under it. State parties are required under article 40(1) to submit reports on the measures they have adopted which give effect to the rights recognised [in the Covenant] and in the progress made in the enjoyment of those rights. Under the First Protocol to the ICCPR, the Committee will also accept petitions from individuals alleging that their rights under the Covenant have been violated by a state that has ratified the Protocol. The Committee has developed an extensive body of jurisprudence,which serves as a valuabl e tool in helping with the interpretation of the rights under the Covenant (McGoldrick 1994). Regional human rights systems have also shown that it is possible to enforce the observance of individual rights in an arena other than the domestic legal system of a nation state. The European Court of Human Rights hears applications from individuals in member states of the Council of Europe concerning alleged violations of the European Convention on Human Rights(1950), a document that draws heavily from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Since the passing of the Human Rights Act (1998) into UK law, the English courts are obliged to follow rulings of the European Court of Human Rights, which presents us with an interesting example of the interplay between domestic and international law in relation to the rights of individuals. Other regional bodies include the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the African Commission for Human Rights. Although less prolific and power ful than their European counterpart, these bodies have demonstrated that it is possible to enforce individual rights under international law. Many who argue that international law is not equipped to deal with individual rights point to the so-called non-justifiability of economic, social and cultural rights, as well as third generation peoples rights. They aim to show in other words that, by their very nature, such rights are not capable of being determined judicially, unlike the sort of rights that arise ordinarily within domestic legal systems. In the context of civil and political rights, the argument goes, the individual holds a clearly defined right against the state, the violation of which can be tested in a court of law. However, it is said that economic and social rights are not suitable for judicial consideration because of the wide range of issues that have to betaken into account and the uncertainty surrounding effective means of achieving the ends in question. W hile Article 2(1) of the ICCPR states: Each Party to the present Covenant undertakes to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction the rights recognized in the present Covenant, without distinction of any kind, Article 2(1) of the ICESCR states: Each State Party to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures. However, the Committee that oversees the ICESCR has refuted the non-justifiability argument. In its General Comment No. 3(1990), the Committee insists that Article 2 of the Covenant imposes concrete legal obligations, requiring states to realise minimum standards relating to each of the rights, utilising available resources in an effective manner. It follows therefore that although e conomic and social rights under international law may be different to the sort of rights that are normally found within a domestic legal system, that is not to say that they are not capable of enforcement. Methods of enforcement do need to become more effective, but several international bodies have shown that they are equipped to perform this role, often with very positive results. We finish by dealing with the assertion that questions about individual rights should be the concern of domestic legal systems only. We can safely dismiss this assertion as ill founded with the help of an unlikely source: Hermann Goering, during the Nuremberg trials that took place in the wake of the Second World War, exclaimed: But that was our right! We were a sovereign state and that was strictly our business. Germanys sovereignty, in Goerings view, shielded individuals involved in the atrocities of the Holocaust from accountability. When domestic legal systems (like that in Nazi Germany)f ail to prevent the murder and ill treatment of prisoners of war, murder and ill-treatment of the civilian population and a policy of slave labour and persecution and murder of Jews, it is right that the international community should step in to protect the rights of the individuals concerned. There can be no doubt that the international system is often ill-equipped to deal with atrocities that occur within state borders; the genocide in Rwanda in 1994 is a case in point. However, that is not to say that we should not keep striving to perfect the systems that do exist under international law. It may not have been conceived to deal with such issues, but international law has evolved into a corpus of rules with huge potential as a mechanism for the enforcement and protection of individual rights. Nation states would be wise to build on this potential rather than ignore it. Don’t waste time! 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